{"id":95,"date":"2026-04-02T13:34:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-02T13:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/hidden-cost-poor-erd-diagrams-refactoring\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T13:34:38","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T13:34:38","slug":"hidden-cost-poor-erd-diagrams-refactoring","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/hidden-cost-poor-erd-diagrams-refactoring\/","title":{"rendered":"Chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER k\u00e9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 sau khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

Khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Trong khi m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u00e9m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng theo th\u1eddi gian. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sai l\u1ec7ch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m coi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 logic kinh doanh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u00e9m tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Chi ph\u00ed b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft SQL, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, r\u1ee7i ro t\u0103ng cao v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 v\u00e0o h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng.<\/p>\n

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<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. So s\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: T\u1ea1i sao l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t sai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi l\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

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  • S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh.<\/li>\n
  • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb chia nh\u1ecf qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 \u00edt, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra cho ph\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nh\u1ecf trong lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00ec m\u1edbi g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

    2. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi: Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c chi ph\u00ed li\u00ean quan. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Lo\u1ea1i<\/th>\nL\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\nT\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 (1:1 so v\u1edbi 1:N)<\/td>\nL\u01b0u tr\u1eef k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/td>\nThi\u1ebfu kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u1ea7n d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/td>\nC\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/td>\nKh\u00f3 truy v\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/td>\nThi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nC\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ch\u1eadm, xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a khi ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng CPU cao.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/td>\nChu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p s\u00e2u<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a truy v\u1ea5n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nLogic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi c\u1ee9ng trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/td>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng linh ho\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kinh doanh m\u1edbi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    M\u1ed7i m\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eb7p l\u1ed7i trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng logic \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

    3. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udcb0<\/h2>\n

    Chi ph\u00ed do thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hao h\u1ee5t ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh: T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

    3.1 T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n

    Khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n

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    • Theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
    • Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n SQL ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n
    • X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ngay t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec3n khai t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t ba ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y do ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi ph\u00ed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

      3.2 T\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi t\u1ea3i cao. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u00e9m ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

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      • C\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Khi nhi\u1ec1u giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00e9m, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd truy v\u1ea5n qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u khi\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e9t h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
      • Suy tho\u00e1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3.3 Chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169, l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean trong n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

        4. Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

        4.1 Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh idempotent v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a k\u00e9m, vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i suy \u0111o\u00e1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1eadp trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u0111\u00f4i, trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi trong khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf n\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

          4.2 Th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u00eam c\u1ed9t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f3a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00ean l\u1ecbch th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 doanh thu.<\/p>\n

          4.3 Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h3>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u do l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u00e2y ra, tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat. H\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

          5. Ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ph\u00ed. Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n

          5.1 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf theo t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h3>\n

          \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Cho ph\u00e9p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. Xem l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

          5.2 Xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00e9o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

          Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t, c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
          • C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
          • C\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00ean ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/li>\n
          • Vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Quy tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh doanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra.<\/p>\n

            5.3 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean<\/h3>\n

            T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Ghi ch\u00fa quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed7i kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai tham gia \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

            6. C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3: B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

            H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD k\u00e9m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

            T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng A: Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng b\u1ea3n ghi m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i<\/h3>\n

            T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ebd x\u1eed l\u00fd x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i:<\/strong>Theo th\u1eddi gian, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng x\u00f3a t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n ghi m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i. Khi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o thu\u1ebf, thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

            Chi ph\u00ed:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n script \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng chung \u201cv\u00f4 danh\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t ba ng\u00e0y c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sao l\u01b0u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

            T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng B: B\u1eaby kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

            T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 sao ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1:<\/strong>Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a t\u00ean c\u0169. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

            Chi ph\u00ed:<\/strong>T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. Nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trigger ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i logic ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

            T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng C: Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng m\u00f9 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

            T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>T\u00ednh n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ghi. Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1:<\/strong>Khi b\u1ea3ng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm nh\u01b0 r\u00f9a. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

            Chi ph\u00ed:<\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb kh\u00f3a trong nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd, g\u00e2y gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

            7. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \ud83d\udd2e<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u00fang trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
            • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trong pipeline CI\/CD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
            • Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t:<\/strong>Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
            • Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>Tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

              K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              Chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD k\u00e9m th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c giao h\u00e0ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c mang t\u00ednh r\u1ee7i ro cao, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch coi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt then ch\u1ed1t thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eabn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c b\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong t\u1eebng d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft sau n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t. H\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngay t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Trong khi m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":96,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD k\u00e9m: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD k\u00e9m. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u00e9m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10,11],"class_list":["post-95","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nChi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD k\u00e9m: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD k\u00e9m. 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