{"id":89,"date":"2026-04-02T21:33:12","date_gmt":"2026-04-02T21:33:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/reverse-engineer-database-er-diagram\/"},"modified":"2026-04-02T21:33:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T21:33:12","slug":"reverse-engineer-database-er-diagram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/reverse-engineer-database-er-diagram\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh, thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f3 thao t\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u logic kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p b\u00ean trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

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  • Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nhanh:<\/strong>Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o theo c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng t\u1ee9c th\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
  • Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd:<\/strong>Khi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t t\u1eadp trung, c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
  • Thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic kinh doanh:<\/strong>Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb x\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i.<\/li>\n
  • Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 metadata th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai ban \u0111\u1ea7u, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 sau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n’. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh thay v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch thay v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c view l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u00f4ng tin. Nh\u1eefng kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, c\u1ed9t, ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3ng:<\/strong>Truy xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9t:<\/strong>Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t t\u00ean c\u1ed9t, ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
    • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
    • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

      D\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 *n\u00ean* nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 *th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf* l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e9t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf qua.<\/p>\n

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      • Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng cao ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
      • T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 null:<\/strong>T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 null cao trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n

        Sau khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh. Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c qua nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p sai c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

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        • \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
        • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email) n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
        • Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 \u00edt (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> thay v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

          Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n Boyce-Codd), nh\u01b0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          D\u1ea1ng<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/th>\nM\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF)<\/strong><\/td>\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i \u00f4 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng 1NF v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n.<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 ba (3NF)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng 2NF v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u.<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e3y t\u00ecm c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t l\u01b0u tr\u1eef danh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: chu\u1ed7i k\u00fd t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebb). Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng 1NF. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ten_san_pham<\/code> v\u00e0 dia_chi_nha_cung_cap<\/code> trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng) n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng 2NF v\u00e0 3NF.<\/p>\n

          Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1eadc v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00ednh b\u1eadc<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c chia t\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t Nhi\u1ec1u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng).<\/li>\n
          • Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N):<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft trung gian (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n

            C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha.<\/li>\n
            • T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha.<\/li>\n
            • Th\u00eam b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ngay_dang_ky<\/code> trong b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i Sinh vi\u00ean-Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 4: R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd12<\/h2>\n

              M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
              • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email, t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng).<\/li>\n
              • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: tu\u1ed5i >= 0<\/code>).<\/li>\n
              • Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0KH\u00d4NG \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C \u0110\u1ec2 TR\u1ed0NG<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 5: Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \ud83c\udfa8<\/h2>\n

                Sau khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

                Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Ch\u00e2n Chim:<\/strong> R\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng cho \u201cm\u1ed9t\u201d, h\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n chim cho \u201cnhi\u1ec1u\u201d).<\/li>\n
                • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp UML:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
                • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Chen:<\/strong> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh thoi cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n
                    \n
                  • Nh\u00f3m:<\/strong> Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng Order \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n logic.<\/li>\n
                  • H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y:<\/strong> S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y logic t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                  • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ean b\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n giao nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 6: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                    M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p nhanh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec song song v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

                    Ghi ch\u00fa l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

                    S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic kinh doanh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/code> n\u00ean c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201c0: \u0110ang ch\u1edd, 1: \u0110\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, 2: B\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i\u201d).<\/p>\n

                    Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n

                    L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p ERD v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c m\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \ud83d\udeab<\/h3>\n

                    Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p, h\u00e3y c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    M\u1eabu ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i<\/th>\nV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/th>\nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t nh\u01b0col1<\/code>, col2<\/code> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/td>\nThay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t JSON ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Kh\u00f3a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t l\u00e0m kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/td>\n\u01afu ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 (s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Gi\u1ea3m chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/strong><\/td>\nNh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i.<\/td>\nCh\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i, tr\u1eeb khi ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9ng minh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 7: X\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u2705<\/h2>\n

                    Sau khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • C\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169 sang l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
                    • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1y c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi cha h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
                    • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea1y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n v\u1eabn \u1edf m\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n
                    • Xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan:<\/strong>Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Xem x\u00e9t Cu\u1ed1i C\u00f9ng \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

                      Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong chu k\u1ef3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

                      H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                      T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c hay phong c\u00e1ch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf. Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t module ho\u1eb7c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy tr\u00ecnh sang c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

                      Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ERD s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. N\u00f3 trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd. Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":90,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Thi\u1ebft K\u1ebf Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01a1 S\u1edf D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ec3 T\u1ea1o S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 ER S\u1ea1ch \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10,11],"class_list":["post-89","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nThi\u1ebft K\u1ebf Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u01a1 S\u1edf D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ec3 T\u1ea1o S\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed3 ER S\u1ea1ch \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd. 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