{"id":83,"date":"2026-04-03T13:57:46","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T13:57:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/designing-scalable-erd-diagrams-high-traffic-backend\/"},"modified":"2026-04-03T13:57:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T13:57:46","slug":"designing-scalable-erd-diagrams-high-traffic-backend","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/designing-scalable-erd-diagrams-high-traffic-backend\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng backend c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp cao"},"content":{"rendered":"

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac backend v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd t\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Khi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u00e9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 lan truy\u1ec1n, trong khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i n\u1eb7ng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111i xa h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

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\"Whimsical<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao d\u1ecbch t\u0103ng l\u00ean, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb “d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y n\u00ean tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?” sang “d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ea3i?”.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u, nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng, trong khi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 logic kinh doanh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00f3a c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi kh\u00f3a c\u1ea5p trang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udcca Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a: S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (join) qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cao, c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

    Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng logic \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/th>\nHi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc<\/th>\nHi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi<\/th>\nT\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/th>\nChi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (Nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i)<\/td>\nCao (Ghi duy nh\u1ea5t)<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/td>\nCao (\u00cdt thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i h\u01a1n)<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh (C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n)<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/strong><\/td>\nR\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (Logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p)<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9)<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9i dung hay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tin t\u1ee9c, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ghi, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed5 giao d\u1ecbch, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

    \ud83c\udf10 C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ghi<\/h2>\n

    T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy c\u1eadp cao bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian truy xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

    1. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

    Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u00f3a d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Tr\u00e1nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y l\u01b0u kh\u00f3a tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t khi c\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u1edf l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

    2. Kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 kh\u00f3a chia nh\u1ecf. Kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f3a chia nh\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ‘ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng n\u00f3ng’ n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t n\u00fat x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u00fat kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Chia nh\u1ecf ngang:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
    • Chia nh\u1ecf d\u1ecdc:<\/strong> Ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng. H\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t n\u1eb7ng (nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd) kh\u1ecfi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \ud83d\udd17 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5. Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 chia nh\u1ecf, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat l\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

      X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u – nhi\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u – nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Thay v\u00ec n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft, h\u00e3y l\u01b0u ID m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00e9p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a truy v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 danh m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. H\u00e3y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. \u0110\u1ec7 quy s\u00e2u trong truy v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh trong logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd0d C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac logic, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u1eadt l\u00fd theo kh\u00f3a n\u00e0y. H\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi. Th\u00eam qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Ch\u1ec9 l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh `WHERE`, `JOIN` ho\u1eb7c `ORDER BY`.<\/li>\n
      • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u2696\ufe0f T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n so v\u1edbi T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/h2>\n

        L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd CAP, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai trong ba thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia t\u00e1ch. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

        N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch ACID. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng chia t\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1edbi l\u1ecfng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ed9t “phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n” ho\u1eb7c “tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i” \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udd04 Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n

        Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n x\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> Khi th\u00eam c\u1ed9t, h\u00e3y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 null ban \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p m\u00e3 c\u0169 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khi m\u00e3 m\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
        2. Lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ed7i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1eddng JSON cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
        3. X\u00f3a logic:<\/strong> Thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00e3y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c x\u00f3a lan truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \ud83d\uded1 Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

          Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m khi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 truy v\u1ea5n N+1<\/h3>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea5y danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi r\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho t\u1eebng b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan. Trong ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp c\u00f9ng nhau. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c view \u0111\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

          2. T\u00edch Descartes<\/h3>\n

          Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, t\u1eadp k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc tr\u00ean kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

          3. C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau theo v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft m\u00e1y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trung gian ho\u1eb7c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udcdd B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t<\/h2>\n

          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ERD trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eadt k\u00fd truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 lu\u00f4n ch\u1eadm, h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i ERD \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
          • Ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>Theo th\u1eddi gian, c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c x\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
          • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u01af\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chia nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf: M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n
            2. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a logic:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
            3. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong> Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Th\u00eam ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
            4. Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh:<\/strong> M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n t\u1ea3i cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n
            5. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Ghi l\u1ea1i l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \ud83d\udd2e B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h2>\n

              C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong n\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m. Tr\u00e1nh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u ngang v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac backend v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":84,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \ud83d\ude80","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4. Bao g\u1ed3m chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng backend c\u00f3 t\u1ea3i cao. \ud83d\udcca","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10,11],"class_list":["post-83","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \ud83d\ude80<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4. 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