{"id":77,"date":"2026-04-04T12:59:27","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T12:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/designing-erd-diagrams-cloud-native-architectures\/"},"modified":"2026-04-04T12:59:27","modified_gmt":"2026-04-04T12:59:27","slug":"designing-erd-diagrams-cloud-native-architectures","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/designing-erd-diagrams-cloud-native-architectures\/","title":{"rendered":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DBAs), s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERDs) \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \ud83d\udcca<\/p>\n

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\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eadp trung. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ngang. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n th\u1ec3, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, c\u00e1c n\u00fat th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c DBA c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c?<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5:<\/strong>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00fat d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n?<\/li>\n
  • Chi ph\u00ed:<\/strong>S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed giao d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh:<\/strong>L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n can thi\u1ec7p th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    B\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 logic kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ngh\u1ebdn.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u2699\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    1. T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/h3>\n

    Trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

    2. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u SQL c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef JSON song song v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng quan h\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

    3. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ER ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba. Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed7i microservice qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 lan r\u1ed9ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu logic.<\/p>\n

    C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

    Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng gian t\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

    C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

    Trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng SaaS \u0111a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

    So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    M\u1eabu<\/th>\n\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/th>\nNh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ACID<\/td>\n\u0110i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i duy nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/td>\n\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng monolithic, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo t\u1eebng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/td>\nM\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u00f4 l\u1eadp l\u1ed7i<\/td>\nGiao d\u1ecbch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/td>\nMicroservices, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/td>\nT\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u1ec5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cao, chi ph\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u1edbn<\/td>\nN\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng SaaS, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1eb7t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 chung<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, truy v\u1ea5n chung<\/td>\nB\u1ecb kh\u00f3a v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, ngh\u1ebdn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nC\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, MVP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

    Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u1ea3 thi. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic n\u00e0y, ngay c\u1ea3 khi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi v\u1eadt l\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00fang d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
    • M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi con. N\u1ebfu cha di chuy\u1ec3n, con c\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n theo kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
    • Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu<\/h3>\n

      Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • X\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00fa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thay v\u00ec x\u00f3a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/li>\n
      • Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/li>\n
      • Giao d\u1ecbch b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb:<\/strong>Logic ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh \ud83d\uddc2\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

        Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, m\u1ed9t n\u00fat c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i. Chia t\u00e1ch (ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh) chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ra tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

        Kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a t\u1ed1t ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u0103m:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. T\u1ed1t cho truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho truy v\u1ea5n kho\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
        • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng:<\/strong>Chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c ID). T\u1ed1t cho truy v\u1ea5n kho\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n r\u1ee7i ro ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n
        • D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. G\u00e2y th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 nh\u01b0ng cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/h3>\n

          Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng.<\/li>\n
          • C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c (nh\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh) n\u00ean gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n
          • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd CAP \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00fd CAP n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hai trong ba thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh: Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu chia t\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu chia t\u00e1ch, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/th>\nM\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/th>\nH\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh<\/td>\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u00fat \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/td>\nY\u00eau c\u1ea7u ghi \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9; gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng ghi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n<\/td>\nCho ph\u00e9p ghi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/td>\nB\u1ea3o to\u00e0n th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3<\/td>\nTheo d\u00f5i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER n\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 do chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng m\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ghi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/li>\n
            • Xem x\u00e9t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7:<\/strong> Bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh truy v\u1ea5n b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
            • Theo d\u00f5i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
            • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u so v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9<\/h3>\n

              Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u bao ph\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m khi duy tr\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n. Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              B\u1ea3o m\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y bao g\u1ed3m m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 GDPR ho\u1eb7c HIPAA. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

              G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • C\u00f4ng khai:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
              • N\u1ed9i b\u1ed9:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
              • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd truy c\u1eadp nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                M\u00e3 h\u00f3a khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i<\/h3>\n

                T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. ERD kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 n\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

                Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/h3>\n

                M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ER n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm. C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. ERD n\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

                T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h3>\n

                C\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

                M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh di chuy\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • Th\u00eam c\u1ed9t:<\/strong>Th\u00eam c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                • Ghi \u0111\u00f4i:<\/strong>Ghi v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
                • Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ghi m\u1ed9t khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
                • X\u00f3a c\u1ed9t:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 x\u00f3a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau khi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c DBA c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong>Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.<\/li>\n
                  • B\u1ecf qua d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ea1nh:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
                  • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi c\u1ee9ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng t\u00f9y \u00fd trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                  • B\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb xa.<\/li>\n
                  • \u0110i\u1ec3m l\u1ed7i duy nh\u1ea5t<\/strong> Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t n\u00fat c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh, n\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m d\u1eebng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra tri\u1ec3n khai \u2705<\/h2>\n

                    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5<\/th>\n\u01afu ti\u00ean<\/th>\nTr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCh\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCh\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCh\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCh\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCh\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCh\u01b0a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

                    M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh; n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
                      \n
                    • \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 p99.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec9nh.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong> D\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nhu c\u1ea7u dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

                      S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch chu\u1ea9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. C\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n

                      K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

                      Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh doanh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 coi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. \ud83c\udf10<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      S\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":78,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10,11],"class_list":["post-77","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER cho c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. 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