{"id":71,"date":"2026-04-05T04:46:54","date_gmt":"2026-04-05T04:46:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/er-diagrams-mapping-business-rules-to-schemas\/"},"modified":"2026-04-05T04:46:54","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T04:46:54","slug":"er-diagrams-mapping-business-rules-to-schemas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/er-diagrams-mapping-business-rules-to-schemas\/","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin th\u00f4 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – Quan h\u1ec7 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c logic v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER bao g\u1ed3m ba kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

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  • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh doanh, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>, \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>. Trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m T\u00ean<\/em>, Gi\u00e1<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c Ng\u00e0y<\/em>. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \ud83d\udd04 Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

    B\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1eefa hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh: \u201cM\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.\u201d<\/em>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3?<\/p>\n

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    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em> v\u00e0 D\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/em>.<\/li>\n
    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/em>.<\/li>\n
    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh cardinality:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (1:N). M\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean (1:1 ho\u1eb7c 1:N t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u).<\/li>\n
    • Th\u1ef1c thi t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn:<\/strong> D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i<\/em> c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c KH\u00d4NG R\u1ed6NG<\/strong> l\u00ean kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh cung c\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng\u201cM\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d<\/em>, li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7t zero \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, hay h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n? S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udccf Cardinality v\u00e0 T\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn<\/h2>\n

      Cardinality x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-m\u1ed9t (1:1)<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi chia b\u1ea3ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00edt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong logic kinh doanh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

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      • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/em> M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu. M\u1ed9t h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
      • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/em> Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng kia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N)<\/h3>\n

        \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B. B\u1ea3ng B ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

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        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/em> M\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ban c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ban.<\/li>\n
        • Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n:<\/em> C\u00e1c Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em> b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t DepartmentID<\/em> c\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N)<\/h3>\n

          Hai b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc trung gian.<\/p>\n

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          • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/em> Sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean tham gia nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean tham gia.<\/li>\n
          • Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n:<\/em> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng giao nhau (th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft) ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea3ng cha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Lo\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan (Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m)<\/th>\nTri\u1ec3n khai l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-m\u1ed9t (1:1)<\/td>\n|\u2014|<\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o<\/td>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u2194 H\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N)<\/td>\n|\u2014<<<<\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng ‘Nhi\u1ec1u’<\/td>\nPh\u00f2ng ban \u2194 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u (M:N)<\/td>\n<<<\u2014<<<<\/td>\nB\u1ea3ng giao nhau v\u1edbi hai kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/td>\nSinh vi\u00ean \u2194 Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \ud83e\udde9 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

            Sau khi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

            D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF)<\/h3>\n

            M\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea3ng trong m\u1ed9t \u00f4 duy nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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            • Vi ph\u1ea1m:<\/em> M\u1ed9t K\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/em> c\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9a \u201cSQL, Python, Java\u201d<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t \u00f4.<\/li>\n
            • S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa:<\/em> T\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF)<\/h3>\n

              B\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng 1NF, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng:<\/em> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em> v\u00e0 Chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em> n\u01a1i m\u00e0 T\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em> ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o M\u00e3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 M\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/li>\n
              • S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa:<\/em> Di chuy\u1ec3n T\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em> sang m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/em> b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF)<\/h3>\n

                B\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 hai (2NF), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/em> M\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9a Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1<\/em> v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 Qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                • S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i:<\/em> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t V\u1ecb tr\u00ed<\/em> b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/h2>\n

                  M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3. C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                  Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

                  M\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai h\u00e0ng n\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p truy xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1ede nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t UUID ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                  Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

                  Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong b\u1ea3ng con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ghi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng trong b\u1ea3ng cha. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Khi x\u00f3a, x\u00f3a theo cascading:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng cha b\u1ecb x\u00f3a, b\u1ea3ng con s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00f3a t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
                  • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf x\u00f3a:<\/strong> Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng cha n\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi con.<\/li>\n
                  • Khi x\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh null:<\/strong> X\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng cha nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n ghi con v\u1edbi kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 null.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Ki\u1ec3m tra r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

                    Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o logic kinh doanh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ngay trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1<\/em> l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t Ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em> ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t Ng\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00fac<\/em>.<\/p>\n

                    \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

                    Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Qu\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf b\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t truy v\u1ea5n. \u0110\u00f4i khi, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cao.<\/li>\n
                    • B\u1ecf qua x\u00f3a m\u1ec1m:<\/strong> C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. X\u00f3a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n s\u1ebd x\u00f3a b\u1ecf d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t c\u1edd IsDeleted<\/em>th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                    • Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh ng\u1ee5 \u00fd t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 Email<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
                    • B\u1ecf qua y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian:<\/strong> H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian. Vi\u1ec7c ghi l\u1ea1i Khi<\/em>m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
                    • G\u00e1n c\u1ee9ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n SQL thay v\u00ec tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng tra c\u1ee9u khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \ud83d\udd04 Quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

                      Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5p cao. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                      2. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic:<\/strong>Th\u00eam thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u00f3a. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
                      3. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u1eadt l\u00fd:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
                      4. Xem x\u00e9t:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh doanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n xem x\u00e9t, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u<\/em>th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u<\/em>khi \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83d\udcc8 M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/h2>\n

                        C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ng\u00e0y mai. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh ghi c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng chung ho\u1eb7c m\u1eabu thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (nh\u01b0 EAV) khi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9ng cao.<\/li>\n
                        • Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3. C\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
                        • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, h\u00e3y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          \ud83d\udd0d K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h2>\n

                          Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa logic kinh doanh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                          T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u01afu ti\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a truy v\u1ea5n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi n\u00f3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":72,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER: Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u00e0nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER. 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