{"id":59,"date":"2026-04-06T02:23:50","date_gmt":"2026-04-06T02:23:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/fix-broken-erd-diagrams-timeless-principles\/"},"modified":"2026-04-06T02:23:50","modified_gmt":"2026-04-06T02:23:50","slug":"fix-broken-erd-diagrams-timeless-principles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.we-notes.com\/vn\/fix-broken-erd-diagrams-timeless-principles\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb1m ch\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c d\u00e2y r\u1ed1i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o. B\u1ea1n m\u1edf c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, logic v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau, nh\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 vi ph\u1ea1m logic. S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ee3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m th\u1eddi gian, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \ud83d\udcc9<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) tr\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Tin t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/p>\n

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\"Line<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83d\udd0d Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f4ng ‘b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i’ th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 logic. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

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  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea3ngKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> v\u00e0 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>b\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
  • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t? M\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u? Nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u? N\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00e2n chim (crow\u2019s foot) b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 C, th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 C l\u1ea1i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n
  • Thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ho\u1eb7c danh s\u00e1ch th\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi d\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111ang b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

    \ud83e\udde0 Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5: T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t ERD tr\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u truy v\u1ea5n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

    1. B\u1ecf qua chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. Kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u01a1i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

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    • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9a danh s\u00e1ch, b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n 1NF.<\/li>\n
    • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n 1NF v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
    • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 hai (2NF) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang g\u1eb7p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

      2. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 cardinality<\/h3>\n

      Cardinality x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u sai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (join) k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3ng. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan h\u1ec7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian.<\/p>\n

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      • M\u1ed9t-\u0110\u1ed1i-M\u1ed9t:<\/strong>D\u00f9ng cho b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. Hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/li>\n
      • M\u1ed9t-\u0110\u1ed1i-Nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con.<\/li>\n
      • Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110\u1ed1i-Nhi\u1ec1u:<\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean k\u00e9m<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn snake_case v\u00e0 camelCase, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ean chung chung nh\u01b0B\u1ea3ng1<\/code> v\u00e0 B\u1ea3ng2<\/code>, t\u1ea1o ra g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eeda m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi hay c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        1. T\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

        Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i \u00f4 trong b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t cho \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u201d, th\u00ec n\u00ean chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, \u201cTh\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u201d, \u201cBang\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cM\u00e3 b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n truy v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chu\u1ed7i. \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u00fap d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n cho nhu c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

        2. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email), b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c UUID) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

        3. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu<\/h3>\n

        Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ra sao? S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc x\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

        4. T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

        Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tr\u1ed9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng, tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 l\u00fd do thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcca Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/h2>\n

        B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u00e9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Sai l\u1ea7m<\/th>\nTri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c quan<\/th>\nNguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5<\/th>\nGi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/td>\nTh\u00f4ng tin gi\u1ed1ng nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng<\/td>\nVi ph\u1ea1m d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n 3NF<\/td>\nChu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng; lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\nC\u00e1c h\u1ed9p c\u00f4 l\u1eadp<\/td>\nL\u00f4gic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda<\/td>\nR\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c quan h\u1ec7<\/td>\nGi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Kh\u00f3a h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t l\u00e0m kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nR\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u \u00f4 tr\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t<\/td>\nQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn sai l\u1ec7ch<\/td>\nT\u1ea1o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        L\u00f4gic h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e9o kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i<\/td>\nB\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/td>\nNh\u00f3m c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 theo mi\u1ec1n; v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \ud83d\udd04 Quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa: M\u1ed9t khung c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110\u1eebng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i; h\u00e3y hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

        B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n<\/h3>\n

        B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eebng t\u1ef1 cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec. T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t l\u01b0u tr\u1eef danh s\u00e1ch, ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ed7i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ID k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
        • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
        • Nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: T\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n

          Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Chia c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

          Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, b\u1ea3ng \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c minh<\/h3>\n

          Sau khi t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, x\u00e1c minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh. X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd so v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1edbi v\u1eabn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

          B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic kinh doanh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/h2>\n

          Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy gi\u1ea3m theo th\u1eddi gian. Khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u01b0 c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
          • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u00f3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00e2y ra l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
          • Th\u1ef1c thi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
          • Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a hay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83d\udcdd T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n

            X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Lu\u00f4n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
            • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh cardinality cho m\u1ed7i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
            • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
            • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
            • \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba suy tho\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 tinh ch\u1ec9nh hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f4m nay s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n gi\u1edd g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i cho ng\u00e0y mai. \ud83d\ude80<\/p>\n

              H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Khi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1eefng tin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              Nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb1m ch\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c d\u00e2y r\u1ed1i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m quen thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":60,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u1eeda c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i: Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1eadc k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o xu h\u01b0\u1edbng.","inline_featured_image":false,"fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[10,11],"class_list":["post-59","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-erd","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u1eeda c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ER b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i: Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. 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